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Today I have received a question by mail from one of our readers asking about the difference between pointing the static route to a next hop address or pointing it to the exit interface itself as shown in the example below: !– Pointing to next hop address ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 !– or Pointing [...]

What is the DE bit ? The DE bit is used to indicate that the frame has a lower importance than other frames and should be dropped first if the network experienced congestion. How to set the DE bit? We can use a simple network to test our configuration. R1 is connected via frame-relay to [...]

To apply frame-relay traffic shaping using a normal map-class, the command frame-relay traffic-shaping must be applied to the main interface. This method has a pitfall; the problem is that when you apply the frame-relay traffic-shaping command to the main interface any DLCI that has no explicit map-class will be shaped to 56K by default. This [...]

IP unnumbered is method that you can use to enable IP processing on a Point to Point interface without assigning an it an IP address to conserve the IP address space. All you need to do, is to select an interface that you are going to borrow its IP address; preferrably the loopback interface because [...]

The second and the most secure authentication method in PPP is CHAP. CHAP stands for challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. How CHAP works? If CHAP is negotiated successfully during the LCP phase, the authenticator sends a challenge message to the peer. The peer responds to the challenge with a value calculated through an MD5 function. The [...]

PPP has two different authentication methods, in today’s post we are going to explore the first method which is PAP. PAP stands for Password Authentication Protocol which is a simple authentication method. PAP is considered an insecure method because the password is sent in clear text format over the PPP link and has no protection [...]